Rsrp calculator. [valid ASU is in the range of 0-31; 99 = unknown] LTE. Rsrp calculator

 
 [valid ASU is in the range of 0-31; 99 = unknown] LTERsrp calculator 4, includes: CSI-RSRP (CSI reference signal received power): CSI-RSRP is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements of the antenna ports, which carry CSI-RS configured for

The IRA calculator can be used to evaluate and compare Traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, Roth IRAs, and regular taxable savings. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR ARTICLES. Distance Calculator. RSRP is measured in decibel-milliwatts (dBm) as shown in Eq. ClearTax SIP Calculator shows the comparison of the returns offered by mutual funds with fixed deposits. LTE RSRQ, LTE RSRP, LTE Best Server in R14, Overlapping Zones maps, LTE-A Max Achievable Data Rate Frequency calculator LTE-RSRQ Wi-Fi CCI, SNR Uplink Mobile Power Indoor propagation map interpolated from:. M = P × ( { [1 + i]^n – 1} / i) × (1 + i). 79dBm ; PRBs/BW = 50 . Introduction The. Oil Lift Energy Cost ($/bbl) 0. 231). Construction. Find the Sum of the Infinite Geometric Series Find the Sum of the Series. And using our graph once more, RSRP measures the RF power effectively of what is highlighted in red: Since the logarithmic ratio of 100 subcarriers to one subcarrier is 20 dB (e. Modulation Downlink Modulation. This again only applies to 4G LTE networks. PSS stands for Primary Synchronization Signal and SSS stands for Secondary Synchronization Signal. RSRP, on the other hand, is an LTE specific metric that averages the RF power in all of the. )로 2개로 나뉨. 104 chapter 5. Use this calculator to calculate LTE throughput, and carrier aggregation Throughput. For N info <=3824 follow procedure-1 (Step-3 in the pdf document) and N info > 3824 follow procedure-2 (Step-4 in the pdf document). The higher the value, the better (the higher the speed the LTE operator's base station can allocate). 101-2 documents. Most calculators are accompanied by an icon to help identify roughly what the calculator is intended for. 101-1,2 documents. . a New Phone/Hotspot sometimes is a good way to improve RSRP. Find EPRE in type-A symbol and then use Pa, Pb values to find RS Power. Number representing 3GPP ARFCN/EARFCN/UARFCN (frequency) CellMapper is a crowd-sourced cellular tower and coverage mapping service. 1 to -110 dBm: Fair to poor: Subpar signal strength < -110 dBm: Deficient: Signals. * RSSI (Received Strength. The method comprises the following steps: A. * RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) : 단말기가 수신하는 pwr 대비 reference pwe의 비율. LTE RSRP and RSRQ CALCULATOR EXAMPLE: Input: BW = 10 MHz , RSSI = -79 dBm; Outputs: RSRP (dBm) = -106. Loan Amount. The measurement method comprises the steps of: performing a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement on the basis of a synchronization signal block (SSB), which is received from a serving cell; performing a received signal strength indicator (RSSI). i. IMT-2020 specifies the maximum data rate that 5G is required to offer. Export calculation to . So, the planning of the A2 threshold of. Enter the Frequency, MHz *. It is also called Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power. 101-1,2 documents. PCI; Log 2; Log 10; LTE RIV; NR BWP; NR SLIV; NR FDRA; NR RIV; Physical Cell Identity. See How Much You Could Save in a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) Tell us a few details to see how much and how fast your money could grow over time as you regularly save for retirement * . RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power): RSRP measures the power level of the received reference signal in a particular cell. 873dBm while the lowest average SS-RSRP was obtained by. 1, Fig. You plan to retire in. It is measured in most of LTE chips and this is one of the. In NR 5G, the three types of CSI-RS based reference signal measurements, as defined in TS 38. . 331 version 15. RSSI Antenna factor K We measure the power at a known antenna (antenna factor K) and convert into fieldstrength TX antenna with gain g and power P t generates power flux S (=ExH) With Z 0 = 377Ωwe can convert S as W/m2 into E as V/m Effective areaA e, when P = RX power, S = flow. 101 chapter 5. Uplink. The invention provides a kind of method of estimation and device of Reference Signal Received Power of ofdm system. Hunter. Find an Advisor. RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) SINR (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio) You can find more info about RSRP & RSRQ. The invention provides, as an eighth aspect, a wireless communication apparatus, including: a channel quality calculator that is configured to calculate a channel quality of a transmission channel on the basis of a reference signal discontinuously transmitted on the time axis received from a transmission apparatus serving as a. What are complex roots? Complex roots are the imaginary roots of a function. In diese page we present a simple LTE RSRP & RSRQ calculator. CSI RSRP 0: 97-140dBm-44dBm: B1, B2: UTRA RSCP-5: 91-120dBm-25dBm: UTRA EcN0 0: 49-24dB: 0dB: GERAN 0: 63: CDMA2000 0: 63: Event A1 and A2 Event A3 and A4 Event A5 Blue Green Violet Event measurements LTE measurement events A1 and A2 Back to. 1. RSRQ = RSRP / (RSSI/N) N = # of resource Blocks over which the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) is measured. For this measurement, CSI-RS. Rx gain (dBi)The TSP Loan Calculator estimates loan payments based on the amount you want to borrow from your TSP account, the current loan interest rate, and other factors. Dial 3001#12345# and press the Call button: This will put your iPhone into Field Test Mode. LTE modems report the SINR, RSRQ, and RSRP. Absolute RSRP measurement accuracy is between ±6 and ±8 dB. RSRP is the short form of Reference Signal Received Power and it is equivalent to UMTS CPICH Received Signal Code Power (RSCP). 5dB (bad) to -3dB (good). Throughput = 75376 * 1000 = 75. RSRP – Reference Signal Received Power is an RSSI type of measurement. 9. You can contribute to an RRSP in your name or your spouse’s name until December 31 of the calendar year in which you or your spouse turns 71. Those are indications of network congestion. A technology of reference signal and orthogonal frequency division, which is applied in the field of estimation of received power of reference signal, and can solve problems such as not givenCoinTiger offers reliable and convenient trading services, including Spot, Fiat, Futures, and Leveraged Tokens, supported on both the website and the application. It is for UE to measure Radio Channel State and report it to network. 11ac 802. 4. The cell-specific reference signal can be used for RSRP determination. Rinner R i n n e r = inner radius of coverage. e. 873dBm while the lowest average SS-RSRP was obtained by. Sep 3, 2019. 214 E-UTRA Physical Layer Measurements' 규격을 참조하며 RSCP에 대한 보다 상세한 정의는 3GPP의 'TS25. : US 2020/0178219 A1 HOSHINO et al . Frequency is selected from 3GPP TS 38. Within this mode there is ECL0 (no repetitions),. Rate it: RSRP. 3. The reporting range of RSRP is defined from -140 dBm to -44 dBm with 1 dB resolution as shown in table below. RSSI Antenna factor K We measure the power at a known antenna (antenna factor K) and convert into fieldstrength TX antenna with gain g and power P t generates power flux S (=ExH) With Z 0 = 377Ωwe can convert S as W/m2 into E as V/m Effective areaA e, when P = RX power, S = flow. Take 2 minutes to get your results. RSRP – The average power received from a single Reference signal, and Its typical range is around -44dbm (good) to -140dbm (bad). , and it integrates all of the RF power within the channel passband. The work RVU calculator provides quick analysis of work relative value units associated with CPT ® and HCPCS Level II codes. 752 Mbps. Frequency Domain Granularity for CSI measurement : Wideband and Subband. An RSRP of -95dBm would be a strong signal whereas -115dBm would be very weak. negative exponents. The process of performing such simulations typically involves the following steps: Define the scenario to be simulated. The ASU number is the one found in LTE - Neighbor Cell Measure - nbr_ rsrp. To borrow from your TSP account, you must be a federal employee in pay status. Eg for an iPhone connected to Vodacom in South Africa dial *3001#12345#* from your Phone. RSRQ. Many of the calculator pages show work or equations that help you understand the calculations. We will be taking N directly for TBS calculator. This page describes 5G NR channel State Reporting fields viz. I got the log captured by the tool and exported the data as csv file and then plot it on Microsoft Excel. In most practical scenarios, it is used together with the reference signal received quality (RSRQ) in determining handover and cell re-selection of a network system accessed by the user. M1 and NB IoT) signal strength/quality parameters: RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI, SINR and their meaning. The variables are mentioned in the table below. This article "LTE Throughput Optimization: Part 2 - Spectral Efficiency" explains data part (PDSCH) of the LTE subframe and discusses various ways to improve its efficiency. The power is evenly divided across all the subcarriers so each is 1W/1200 = 0. Here are the formulas that I am trying to confirm are accurate: GSM. Hi. It indicates the signal strength between the base station (cell tower) and the modem. data rate) calculator is also described. The RVU calculation results are based on the values supplied by. 00333W/SC. [valid ASU is in the range of 0-97; 99 = unknown] Now here are conflicting examples on LTE connections that I have seen recently: Samsung Galaxy Victory. Investing. Choose the right amount of lux you need. The RSRP value is measured in dBm (dBm). 133 Table 8. This will return a string like: RSRQ is th Reference Signal Received Quality and it can be defined using following equation: RSRQ= (N* RSRP)/RSSI. CSI-RSRP (CSI reference signal received power): CSI-RSRP is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements of the antenna ports, which carry CSI-RS configured for RSRP measurements. Calculator is based on 3GPP communication standards. For sake of simplicity, lets assume the power of reference symbols (shown by red square) and power of other symbols carrying other data channels (shown by blue square) is same i. Offers & Programs. 134. One disclosure of the present specification provides a measurement method. La cobertura menor a -110 dBm no nos podrá garantizar el servicio. 304. Router R o u t e r = outer radius of coverage. CellMapper is useful app for locating 2G/3G/4G/4G+ base stations. Also refer 5G NR Frequency Bands >> for more information on sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave frequency bands. This document also presents quantitative and visualised methods for evaluating service experience. Follow the discussion. 9. As a reference check: list of all ns-3 traces or Tracing tutorial In your case you could use ns3::LteUePhy (ReportCurrentCellRsrpSinr: RSRP and SINR statistics or ReportUeMeasurements: Report UE measurements RSRP (dBm) and RSRQ (dB)). The results of the parameter (SS-RSRP) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the highest average SS-RSRP, namely-65. Glencoe Algebra Study Guide and Practice Workbook. 6. Once you have your square footage figure, you can work out what materials you might need. the channel estimation results according to all RS in the coherent block calculates, and obtains corresponding RSRP;. dBu mV/m. Latitude of data point in Decimal Degrees (ex. This could be due to the device being some distance away from the LTE transmitter. 1. So the power conversion of horsepower to watts is given by:Multi Cell Measurement. Section 8-2 Multiplying and Dividing Powers. Ec/No = 10 log (2W / 20W)Now that HS Session is occupying the remnant power, the total effective usage of the 5Mhz carrier power is almost 100%. Call drop or UE switched to other RAN (e. 7. The calculation is done based on RSSI and channel Bandwidth. s. RSRQ (LTE only) RSRQ is the Reference Signal Received Quality is a C/I type of quality measurement and it indicates the quality of the received reference signal (similar to EC/IO in 3G) RSRQ is a calculated value from RSRP and RSSI . clude reference signal received power (RSRP), received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ). RSSI varies with LTE subcarrier. Mortgage insurance: The mandatory insurance to protect your lender's investment of 80% or more of the home's value. ETSI 3GPP TS 38. PCMAX is the UE. At the end, the final results will be shown. Described method of estimation comprises the steps: that A. How to get Signal strength (RSRP/RSSI/RSRQ/SINR), cell ID (LTE/3G/2G) of iPhone network. Unless you are only getting LTE in which case move the trashcan around the house until you get 5G. Actual value Qrxlevmin = field value * 2 [dBm]. Get all the terms with the wanted variable on one side of the equation and all the other terms on the other side. It will also show you what would happen if you took money out before you retire. Export calculation to . Read full article | Subscribe us:would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 4G/LTE. Loan Term. Huawei support community is a communication center for sharing experiences and knowledge, solving questions and problems for enterprise partners, customers and engineers. The mapping of measured quantity is defined in the table below: RSRP mapping 3GPP TS 36. RSRP signal strength is better than negative 85dBm signal. 133 version 15. Compound. In case of no power boost for RS,. and details fullForm For RSRP and what is benefits for pay in RSRP and my total gross salary information give mi please. WLAN 802. 1-855-834-1782. View Legal Disclaimers. RSRQ – Reference Signal Received Quality: Quality considering also RSSI and the number of used Resource Blocks (N) RSRQ = (N * RSRP) / RSSI measured over the same bandwidth. The SI unit for density is kilogram per cubic meter, or kg/m3, while volume is expressed in m3, and mass in kg. UE comes to know which antenna port can be used for measurement, when it decodes SIB3. Best regards,5G NR Frequency to NR ARFCN Conversion Calculator. 1. ) The factor of 1000 is used to convert millivolts per meter to microvolts per meter. 133 V8. . ETSI 3GPP TS 38. 000833. 5 400 600 rf circuit 600 rf circuit baseband unit 402 406 408 hardware memoryMCS stands for Modulation and Coding Scheme and TBS stands for Transport Block Size. RSRQ – Indicates quality of the received signal, and its range is typically -19. To obtain the correct result, it is necessary to enter such important parameters as: mode of 4G LTE network, number of aggregated carriers, number of. Monthly Energy Cost ($)RSSI & Free Space Pathloss Calculator. I want to personalyze the numbers of leds (on/off) depending of the signal levels. affect this. Slope is the coefficient of x so in this case slope = 3. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR ARTICLES. 0 Release 10 ETSI 5 ETSI TS 136 213 V10. Use the RBC Royal Bank RRSP Loan Calculator to find out how much an RRSP loan investment. The rate of return calculator allows you to find the annual rate of return of a given investment (see investment calculator), which is the net gain or loss through a given period expressed as a percentage of the initial investment cost. (1). Calculator is based on 3GPP communication standards and allows you to calculate the maximum throughput of 4G LTE networks. RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) - the average power of the received pilot signals (Reference Signal) or the level of the received signal from the Base Station. 2, respectively. 1. Here N refers to number of resource blocks in NR carrier RSSI measurement Bandwidth. 0. ( 43 ) Pub . i) Get the Gap Pattern ID from RRC MeasGapConfig and additional SMTC parameter from. RSRP dBm 36. Take 2 minutes to get your results. In cellular networks, when a mobile moves from. carrying out the channel estimation of a received RS (reference signal); B. With the introduction of our 5G scanners (R&S®TSMA6 and R&S®TSME6), in combination with the drive test software. RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) SINR (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio) You can find more info about RSRP & RSRQ in our page: RSRP and RSRQ Measurement in LTE. 29. The ns-3 LTE model is a software library that allows the simulation of LTE networks, optionally including the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Use our handy calculator to crunch the numbers and estimate how RRSPs make a difference! Province of residence. The webmaster does not read these comments regularely. WLAN 802. (First – Last) Downlink MHz / EARFCN. 104 chapter 5. • It is defined as ratio of N x SS-RSRP/NR carrier RSSI. The formulas used in. When the RSRP and/or RSRQ of the serving cell fall(s) below the RSRP and/or RSRQ of the neighbor cell by a predefined HO margin for certain period of time, handover occurs. Insurance. Idle mode measurement is mainly for Cell Selection and Reslection process and most of idle. LTE RSRP Calculator | LTE RSRQ Calculator | RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ This page covers LTE RSRP calculator and LTE RSRQ calculator . The configuration type is determined by rbg-size field in PDSCH-Config in a RRC message. Inter-system LTE events B1 and B2 are based upon CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec. Section 8-3 Negative Exponents. Fig. Empirically, a 23. ETSI 3GPP TS 38. A cellular phone or another LTE-equipped device would display signal strength in RSRP, measured 0dBm (best signal) to -110dBm (weakest/no signal). The range in the signaling may. iPhone instructions. So Energy per symbol = Power x Time for Symbol, but my symbol spans more samples because its upsampled, one symbol spans sps samples. LTE RSRP and RSRQ CALCULATOR formula or equations. It sends a non-negative value ranging from 0 to 97 and each of these values are mapped to a specific range of real RSRP value as shown in the following table from 36. 11ac 802. 0033W != 0. Figure 7 shows that the RSRP shall be greater than −109 dBm for a 4G network, whereas the NSA of 5G allows a decrease down to −120 dBm. RSRQ is a C/I type of measurement and it indicates the quality. 3. We specify the bitmap in DCI indicating the RBG number that carries PDSCH or PUSCH data. RSRP = -102 dBm. Then, the averages of these recorded data were calculated, and detailed analyses were performed. RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, and throughput values were recorded in a stationary position for each measurement while downloading 500 MB of data. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR ARTICLES. Evaluate ∑ n = 1 12 2 n + 5Add 2y to both sides to get 6x = 12 + 2y. 6. The RSRP. ss-rsrp is used to compare strengths of the signals from individual cells in 5g networks. RSRP range in 5G The reporting range of “SS-RSRP for L3” reporting is defined from -156 dBm to -31 dBm with 1 dB resolution. 1-1. Band. Config. RSRQ = N × RSRP/ (EUTRA carrier RSSI), As you see from the definition of RSSI, RSSI contains all sorts of power including power from co-channel serving & non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc. . Parameter "Qrxlevminoffset" in TS 38. 133 V8. Years. Hence PCI will have range from 0 to 1008 values. Here, two antenna ports are mostly used in taking measurements such that the UE has signals. Following are the steps to use the tax calculator: 1. How do you find complex roots? To find the complex roots of a quadratic equation use the formula: x = (-b±i√ (4ac – b2))/2a. The network configure a RRC CONNECTED UE to perform measurements and UE report measurement report in accordance with the measurement configuration. The average power is a measure of the power received from a single reference signal. 4. 4. EPRE can to be calculate from total power across all the allocated RBs. Period of SSB transmission : ms5, ms10, ms20, ms40, ms80, ms160 but ms20 (20ms interval) is most common. NSizeGrid = 51; % Bandwidth in number of resource blocks (51 RBs at 30 kHz SCS for 20 MHz BW) simParameters. 5G NR Throughput calculator. Cell signals are everywhere. 0 Release 15 2 ETSI TS 138 133 V15. 5G NR ARFCN Calculator. The reporting range of “SS-RSRP and CSI-RSRP for L1” reporting is defined from -140 to -44 dBm with 1 dB resolution The mapping of measured quantity is defined in Table 10. 5G NR Throughput calculator. These methods provide information about network experience satisfaction and geographical location exceptions, thereby effectively guiding network optimisation. This term was. SINR is defined as: You can use our RRSP calculator or do the math yourself. obtaining the corresponding RSRP through calculation according to. SSBRI is short form of SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator and CRI is short form of CSI Reference Signal Resource Indicator. An alternative definition would be that RSRQ is the ratio N × RSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of resource blocks of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement's. RRSP contributions can help change your tax outcome. As a bonus, these calculators also estimate the profit / loss of training your skill - with accurate GE prices updated every day when the Grand Exchange guide prices are updated! Agility. It is the. RSRP에 대한 보다 상세한 정의는 3GPP의 'TS36. 79dBm ;. data rate) calculator is also described. e. For each 1dBm difference from . Of course, the user must have a modem that supports this standard. Getting the cell signal strength reading on an iPhone is possible if your carrier and the chipset in your phone both support it. So to access this mSignalStrength private property I. 85 will need a higher RSRP/SINR values. Popular News. This page on RSCP vs Ec/No vs RSSI covers difference between RSCP,Ec/No and RSSI with respect to WCDMA system. This second equation comes from Energy = Power x Time. Then, the averages of these recorded data were calculated. The measurements in N (Numerator) and D (Denominator) shall be made over same. RSSI varies with LTE downlink bandwidth. Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over the power contributions of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. 2. Then, based on. Use our RRIF calculator to determine the minimum amount you must withdraw from your RRIF, LRIF or LIF once you convert. Many devices show RSSI for LTE connections along with RSRP, but RSRP is a better indicator of signal strength. LTE Reference Signal Received Quality. During measurements Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) is calculated per each eNB (DL) signal available at a given location. 4. After going through source code of CellSignalStrengthLte class - I found an old deprecated private field for the signal strength and the method to convert this signal to approximate RSSI value. The four basic Radio Resource Management (RRM). Not all routers or modems will report RSSI,SINR,RSRQ,RSRP or even just &quot;signal&quot;, but here&#39;s our guide to the expected results: Signal quality* Poor Fair Good Excellent Rare WiFi N (2. Follow pdf mentioned below for complete. The averages of these recorded data were calculated, and detailed. The RSSI is measured in dBm and is a negative value. 7, 2016 sheet 5 of 17 us 9,363,695 b2 fig. Provide the inputs as per example mentioned as follows to the below calculator to determine 5G NR throughput. We often use different concept of power definition depending on situations and we often get confused by these different power concept. The reporting range of RSRP is defined from -140 dBm to -44 dBm with 1 dB resolution [30], Standard RSRP value refers to [31] shown in Table II. Choose "Find the Sum of the Series" from the topic selector and click to see the result in our Calculus Calculator ! Examples . Carrier #1 - Select a band. rsrp is one of the key parameters and physical layer measurement requirements that can represent wireless signal strength in LTE networks. The method comprises the following steps of: performing channel estimation on a received reference signal; in a measurement bandwidth range, performing inverse. The calculator will find the row echelon form. No. ( 43 ) Pub . if 1W is divided on a 20Mhz cell (100RBs) is 1200Subcarriers. 1 shows that when a RSRP of a neighbor This Page provides information about EPRE (Energy Per Resource Element) Calculator 5G, 4G. Example: 5G NR ARFCN = 428000, 5G RF Center Frequency = 2140 MHz. It's a number describing the output power relative to some arbitrary base power. Introduction. The calculation is performed based on RSSI and channel Bandwidth considered. •In LTE, RSRP and RSRQ are based on Cell-specific Reference Signal (CRS). In other. CyclicPrefix = 'Normal'; % 'Normal' or. This measurement is performed across N number of resource blocks (measurement bandwidth). 3, Fig. It is a value proportional to the received signal strength measured by the mobile phone. An RSRP of -80 dBm or higher is generally considered strong signal. The spectral efficiency is simply the number of bits transmitted over a frequency bandwidth in a specific time and is measured in bits/s/Hz. RSRP Values range from around -44 dbm (good) to -140 dbm (bad) anything beyond -125 is probably useless. e. csv file. Original code from Github. WLAN 802. 2. . This assumes that the player is buying items from the Grand Exchange, even if these items are easily obtainable from alternative locations. 211 4 Frame structure). 5G NR Calculators. RSRP stands for Reference Signal Rece. Asesoramiento integral a particulares, pymes y grandes empresas en: Telecomunicaciones, Comunicación, Marketing y Publicidad digital. Position of SSB in Frequency Domain : Variable (Configurable) meaning 'No need to be at the center frequency'. and numerically in Table 2. LTE code rate calculator LTE EARFCN vs Frequency converter LTE PCI calculator LTE RB calculator LTE RIV calculator LTE RSRP and RSRQ calculator LTE throughput calculator. In the above equation, m is mass, ρ is density, and V is volume. RSRP is the term for signal strength, measured in decibels milliwatts (dBm). Calculator is based on 3GPP 36. 2. New research concludes that the new rule is as low as 2.